[C++] Bump bundled xsimd to 14.3.0 to fix Windows aarch64 build with mingw-w64 toolchains #52022

Describe the enhancement requested

The bundled xsimd 14.2.0 (ARROW_XSIMD_BUILD_VERSION in cpp/thirdparty/versions.txt) includes the MSVC-only <arm64_neon.h> header whenever _WIN32 and NEON64 are defined:

// xsimd 14.2.0, include/xsimd/types/xsimd_neon_register.hpp
#if XSIMD_WITH_NEON
#if defined(_WIN32) && XSIMD_WITH_NEON64
#include <arm64_neon.h>
#else
#include <arm_neon.h>
#endif
#endif

_WIN32 is also defined by mingw-w64 toolchains (e.g. the clangarm64 environment in MSYS2, and llvm-mingw for Windows on ARM). Those toolchains do not ship <arm64_neon.h>, so building Arrow C++ for Windows aarch64 with a mingw-w64 compiler fails with a missing header error.

xsimd 14.3.0 narrows the condition to MSVC proper (defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)), so mingw-w64 and clang builds use <arm_neon.h> as expected:

// xsimd 14.3.0
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) && XSIMD_WITH_NEON64
#include <arm64_neon.h>
#else
#include <arm_neon.h>
#endif

We hit this when updating the Arrow build for the R Windows toolchain (https://github.com/r-windows/ucrt-libs), where we currently work around it by patching versions.txt to xsimd 14.3.0 in the PKGBUILD's prepare() step.

Proposal: bump the bundled xsimd to 14.3.0 (version + SHA256 in versions.txt).

Component(s)

C++