Integrate a "scheduler" to control scheduled jobs within your codebase #8847

Description

Laravel has a "task scheduling" feature that allows you to handle your recurring jobs directly in your codebase. For instance:

# Checks every minute for scheduled tasks
* * * * * cd /path-to-your-project && php artisan schedule:run >> /dev/null 2>&1

$schedule->job(new Heartbeat)->everyFiveMinutes();

// Dispatch the job to the "heartbeats" queue...
$schedule->job(new Heartbeat, 'heartbeats')->everyFiveMinutes();

// Run hourly from 8 AM to 5 PM on weekdays...
$schedule->command('foo')
          ->weekdays()
          ->hourly()
          ->timezone('America/Chicago')
          ->between('8:00', '17:00');

There's a Yii2 port of Laravel's Schedule component, however it's a bit tricky to implement this in Craft because it is designed to run using:

php /path/to/yii yii schedule/run

Including this feature in Craft core would be extremely useful for projects that have numerous cron jobs. This would allow a developer to "check in" their scheduled tasks as part of the codebase, version them, and easily port them when switching from server to server without recreating numerous cron jobs during the migration process.

Steps to reproduce

N/A

Additional info

• Craft version: Craft Pro 3.4.24
• PHP version: 7.2.23
• Database driver & version: MySQL 5.7.29
• Plugins & versions: None