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executable file
·4566 lines (3771 loc) · 171 KB
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It
offers request dispatching (Routes) with URL parameter support, templates,
a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and
template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the
Python Standard Library.
Homepage and documentation: https://bottlepy.org/
Copyright (c) 2009-2025, Marcel Hellkamp.
License: MIT (see LICENSE for details)
"""
import sys
__author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp'
__version__ = '0.14-dev'
__license__ = 'MIT'
###############################################################################
# Command-line interface ######################################################
###############################################################################
# INFO: Some server adapters need to monkey-patch std-lib modules before they
# are imported. This is why some of the command-line handling is done here, but
# the actual call to _main() is at the end of the file.
def _cli_parse(args): # pragma: no coverage
from argparse import ArgumentParser
parser = ArgumentParser(prog=args[0], usage="%(prog)s [options] package.module:app")
opt = parser.add_argument
opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.")
opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.")
opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.")
opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.")
opt("-c", "--conf", action="append", metavar="FILE",
help="load config values from FILE.")
opt("-C", "--param", action="append", metavar="NAME=VALUE",
help="override config values.")
opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.")
opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.")
opt('app', help='WSGI app entry point.', nargs='?')
cli_args = parser.parse_args(args[1:])
return cli_args, parser
def _cli_patch(cli_args): # pragma: no coverage
parsed_args, _ = _cli_parse(cli_args)
opts = parsed_args
if opts.server:
if opts.server.startswith('gevent'):
import gevent.monkey
gevent.monkey.patch_all()
elif opts.server.startswith('eventlet'):
import eventlet
eventlet.monkey_patch()
if __name__ == '__main__':
_cli_patch(sys.argv)
###############################################################################
# Imports and Helpers used everywhere else #####################################
###############################################################################
import base64, calendar, email.utils, functools, hmac, itertools, \
mimetypes, os, re, tempfile, threading, time, warnings, weakref, hashlib
from types import FunctionType
from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta
from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
from traceback import format_exc, print_exc
from unicodedata import normalize
try:
from ujson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
except ImportError:
from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
py = sys.version_info
import http.client as httplib
import _thread as thread
from urllib.parse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
from http.cookies import SimpleCookie, Morsel, CookieError
from collections.abc import MutableMapping as DictMixin
from types import ModuleType as new_module
import pickle
from io import BytesIO
import configparser
from datetime import timezone
UTC = timezone.utc
import inspect
json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s))
callable = lambda x: hasattr(x, '__call__')
_UNSET = object()
def _wsgi_recode(src):
""" Translate a PEP-3333 latin1-string to utf8+surrogateescape """
if src.isascii():
return src
return src.encode('latin1').decode('utf8', 'surrogateescape')
def _raise(*a):
raise a[0](a[1]).with_traceback(a[2])
# Some helpers for string/byte handling
def tob(s, enc='utf8'):
if isinstance(s, str):
return s.encode(enc)
return b'' if s is None else bytes(s)
def touni(s, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
if isinstance(s, (bytes, bytearray)):
return str(s, enc, err)
return "" if s is None else str(s)
def _stderr(*args):
try:
print(*args, file=sys.stderr)
except (IOError, AttributeError):
pass # Some environments do not allow printing (mod_wsgi)
# A bug in functools causes it to break if the wrapper is an instance method
def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka):
try:
functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka)
except AttributeError:
pass
# These helpers are used at module level and need to be defined first.
# And yes, I know PEP-8, but sometimes a lower-case classname makes more sense.
def depr(major, minor, cause, fix, stacklevel=3):
text = "Use of feature or API deprecated since Bottle-%d.%d\n"\
"Cause: %s\n"\
"Fix: %s\n" % (major, minor, cause, fix)
if DEBUG == 'strict':
raise DeprecationWarning(text)
warnings.warn(text, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
return DeprecationWarning(text)
def makelist(data): # This is just too handy
if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)):
return list(data)
elif data:
return [data]
else:
return []
class DictProperty:
""" Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. """
def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False):
self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only
def __call__(self, func):
functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__
return self
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
if obj is None: return self
key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr)
if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj)
return storage[key]
def __set__(self, obj, value):
if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value
def __delete__(self, obj):
if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key]
class cached_property:
""" A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
property. """
def __init__(self, func):
update_wrapper(self, func)
self.func = func
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
if obj is None: return self
value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
return value
class lazy_attribute:
""" A property that caches itself to the class object. """
def __init__(self, func):
functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
self.getter = func
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
value = self.getter(cls)
setattr(cls, self.__name__, value)
return value
###############################################################################
# Exceptions and Events #######################################################
###############################################################################
class BottleException(Exception):
""" A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """
pass
###############################################################################
# Routing ######################################################################
###############################################################################
class RouteError(BottleException):
""" This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """
class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError):
pass
class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError):
""" The route parser found something not supported by this router. """
class RouteBuildError(RouteError):
""" The route could not be built. """
def _re_flatten(p):
""" Turn all capturing groups in a regular expression pattern into
non-capturing groups. """
if '(' not in p:
return p
return re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]+>|\((?!\?))', lambda m: m.group(0) if
len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:', p)
class Router:
""" A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to
efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return
the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything,
usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule
and a HTTP method.
The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic
path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/<page>`). The wildcard syntax
and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`.
"""
default_pattern = '[^/]+'
default_filter = 're'
#: The current CPython regexp implementation does not allow more
#: than 99 matching groups per regular expression.
_MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN = 99
def __init__(self, strict=False):
self.rules = [] # All rules in order
self._groups = {} # index of regexes to find them in dyna_routes
self.builder = {} # Data structure for the url builder
self.static = {} # Search structure for static routes
self.dyna_routes = {}
self.dyna_regexes = {} # Search structure for dynamic routes
#: If true, static routes are no longer checked first.
self.strict_order = strict
self.filters = {
're': lambda conf: (_re_flatten(conf or self.default_pattern),
None, None),
'int': lambda conf: (r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))),
'float': lambda conf: (r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))),
'path': lambda conf: (r'.+?', None, None)
}
def add_filter(self, name, func):
""" Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration
string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple.
The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. """
self.filters[name] = func
rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)'
'(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)'
'|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)'
'(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>])+)?)?)?>))')
def _itertokens(self, rule):
offset, prefix = 0, ''
for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule):
prefix += rule[offset:match.start()]
g = match.groups()
if g[2] is not None:
depr(0, 13, "Use of old route syntax.",
"Use <name> instead of :name in routes.",
stacklevel=4)
if len(g[0]) % 2: # Escaped wildcard
prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):]
offset = match.end()
continue
if prefix:
yield prefix, None, None
name, filtr, conf = g[4:7] if g[2] is None else g[1:4]
yield name, filtr or 'default', conf or None
offset, prefix = match.end(), ''
if offset <= len(rule) or prefix:
yield prefix + rule[offset:], None, None
def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None):
""" Add a new rule or replace the target for an existing rule. """
anons = [] # Generated names of anonymous wildcards
keys = [] # Names of keys
pattern = '' # Regular expression pattern with named groups
filters = [] # Lists of wildcard input filters
builder = [] # Data structure for the URL builder
is_static = True
for key, mode, conf in self._itertokens(rule):
if mode:
is_static = False
if mode == 'default': mode = self.default_filter
mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf)
if not key:
key = 'anon%d' % len(anons)
anons.append(key)
pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask)
keys.append(key)
if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter))
builder.append((key, out_filter or str))
elif key:
pattern += re.escape(key)
builder.append((None, key))
self.builder[rule] = builder
if name: self.builder[name] = builder
if is_static and not self.strict_order:
self.static.setdefault(method, {})
self.static[method][self.build(rule)] = (target, None)
return
try:
re_pattern = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern)
re_match = re_pattern.match
except re.error as e:
raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" % (rule, e))
if filters:
def getargs(path):
url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
for name, wildcard_filter in filters:
try:
url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name])
except ValueError:
raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.')
for key in anons:
del url_args[key]
return url_args
elif re_pattern.groupindex:
def getargs(path):
url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
for key in anons:
del url_args[key]
return url_args
else:
getargs = None
flatpat = _re_flatten(pattern)
whole_rule = (rule, flatpat, target, getargs)
if (flatpat, method) in self._groups:
if DEBUG:
msg = 'Route <%s %s> overwrites a previously defined route'
warnings.warn(msg % (method, rule), RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
self.dyna_routes[method][
self._groups[flatpat, method]] = whole_rule
else:
self.dyna_routes.setdefault(method, []).append(whole_rule)
self._groups[flatpat, method] = len(self.dyna_routes[method]) - 1
self._compile(method)
def _compile(self, method):
all_rules = self.dyna_routes[method]
comborules = self.dyna_regexes[method] = []
maxgroups = self._MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN
for x in range(0, len(all_rules), maxgroups):
some = all_rules[x:x + maxgroups]
combined = (flatpat for (_, flatpat, _, _) in some)
combined = '|'.join('(^%s$)' % flatpat for flatpat in combined)
combined = re.compile(combined).match
rules = [(target, getargs) for (_, _, target, getargs) in some]
comborules.append((combined, rules))
def build(self, _name, *anons, **query):
""" Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. """
builder = self.builder.get(_name)
if not builder:
raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name)
try:
for i, value in enumerate(anons):
query['anon%d' % i] = value
url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n, f) in builder])
return url if not query else url + '?' + urlencode(query, doseq=True)
except KeyError as E:
raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % E.args[0])
def match(self, environ):
""" Return a (target, url_args) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). """
verb = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
path = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/'
methods = ('PROXY', 'HEAD', 'GET', 'ANY') if verb == 'HEAD' else ('PROXY', verb, 'ANY')
for method in methods:
if (paths := self.static.get(method)) and (hit := paths.get(path)):
target, getargs = hit
return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
elif (dyna_rules := self.dyna_regexes.get(method)):
for combined, rules in dyna_rules:
if match := combined(path):
target, getargs = rules[match.lastindex - 1]
return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
# No matching route found. Collect alternative methods for 405 response
allowed = set([])
nocheck = set(methods)
for method in set(self.static) - nocheck:
if path in self.static[method]:
allowed.add(method)
for method in set(self.dyna_regexes) - allowed - nocheck:
for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
match = combined(path)
if match:
allowed.add(method)
if allowed:
allow_header = ",".join(sorted(allowed))
raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.", Allow=allow_header)
# No matching route and no alternative method found. We give up
raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(path))
class Route:
""" This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and
configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for
turning an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router.
"""
def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback,
name=None,
plugins=None,
skiplist=None, **config):
#: The application this route is installed to.
self.app = app
#: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/<page>``).
self.rule = rule
#: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``).
self.method = method
#: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection.
self.callback = callback
#: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``.
self.name = name or None
#: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
self.plugins = plugins or []
#: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
self.skiplist = skiplist or []
#: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route`
#: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific
#: plugin configuration and meta-data.
self.config = app.config._make_overlay()
self.config.load_dict(config)
@cached_property
def call(self):
""" The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is
created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests."""
return self._make_callback()
def reset(self):
""" Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed,
all plugins are re-applied. """
self.__dict__.pop('call', None)
def prepare(self):
""" Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging)."""
self.call
def all_plugins(self):
""" Yield all Plugins affecting this route. """
unique = set()
for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins):
if True in self.skiplist: break
name = getattr(p, 'name', False)
if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue
if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue
if name: unique.add(name)
yield p
def _make_callback(self):
callback = self.callback
for plugin in self.all_plugins():
if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
callback = plugin.apply(callback, self)
else:
callback = plugin(callback)
if callback is not self.callback:
update_wrapper(callback, self.callback)
return callback
def get_undecorated_callback(self):
""" Return the callback. If the callback is a decorated function, try to
recover the original function. """
func = self.callback
while True:
if getattr(func, '__wrapped__', False):
func = func.__wrapped__
elif getattr(func, '__func__', False):
func = func.__func__
elif getattr(func, '__closure__', False):
depr(0, 14, "Decorated callback without __wrapped__",
"When applying decorators to route callbacks, make sure"
" the decorator uses @functools.wraps or update_wrapper."
" This warning may also trigger if you reference callables"
" from a nonlocal scope.")
cells_values = (cell.cell_contents for cell in func.__closure__)
isfunc = lambda x: isinstance(x, FunctionType) or hasattr(x, '__call__')
func = next(filter(isfunc, cells_values), func)
else:
return func
def get_callback_args(self):
""" Return a list of argument names the callback (most likely) accepts
as keyword arguments. If the callback is a decorated function, try
to recover the original function before inspection. """
sig = inspect.signature(self.get_undecorated_callback())
return [p.name for p in sig.parameters.values() if p.kind in (
p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, p.KEYWORD_ONLY
)]
def get_config(self, key, default=None):
""" Lookup a config field and return its value, first checking the
route.config, then route.app.config."""
depr(0, 13, "Route.get_config() is deprecated.",
"The Route.config property already includes values from the"
" application config for missing keys. Access it directly.")
return self.config.get(key, default)
def __repr__(self):
cb = self.get_undecorated_callback()
return '<%s %s -> %s:%s>' % (
self.method, self.rule, cb.__module__, getattr(cb, '__name__', '?')
)
###############################################################################
# Application Object ###########################################################
###############################################################################
class Bottle:
""" Each Bottle object represents a single, distinct web application and
consists of routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration.
Instances are callable WSGI applications.
:param catchall: If true (default), handle all exceptions. Turn off to
let debugging middleware handle exceptions.
"""
@lazy_attribute
def _global_config(cls):
cfg = ConfigDict()
cfg._define('catchall', default=True, filter=bool,
help="Catch all unhandled exceptions and display an error page.")
return cfg
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
#: A :class:`ConfigDict` for app specific configuration.
self.config = self._global_config._make_overlay()
self.config._add_change_listener(
functools.partial(self.trigger_hook, 'config'))
if kwargs.get('catchall') is False:
depr(0, 13, "Bottle(catchall) keyword argument.",
"The 'catchall' setting is now part of the app "
"configuration. Fix: `app.config['catchall'] = False`")
self.config['catchall'] = False
if kwargs.get('autojson') is False:
depr(0, 13, "Bottle(autojson) keyword argument.",
"The 'autojson' setting is now part of the app "
"configuration. Fix: `app.config['json.enable'] = False`")
self.config['json.enable'] = False
self._mounts = []
#: A :class:`ResourceManager` for application files
self.resources = ResourceManager()
self.routes = [] # List of installed :class:`Route` instances.
self.router = Router() # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances.
self.error_handler = {}
# Core plugins
self.plugins = [] # List of installed plugins.
self.install(JSONPlugin())
self.install(TemplatePlugin())
#: If true, most exceptions are caught and returned as :exc:`HTTPError`
catchall = DictProperty('config', 'catchall')
__hook_names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset', 'config'
__hook_reversed = {'after_request'}
@cached_property
def _hooks(self):
return dict((name, []) for name in self.__hook_names)
def add_hook(self, name, func):
""" Attach a callback to a hook. Three hooks are currently implemented:
before_request
Executed once before each request. The request context is
available, but no routing has happened yet.
after_request
Executed once after each request regardless of its outcome.
app_reset
Called whenever :meth:`Bottle.reset` is called.
"""
if name in self.__hook_reversed:
self._hooks[name].insert(0, func)
else:
self._hooks[name].append(func)
def remove_hook(self, name, func):
""" Remove a callback from a hook. """
if name in self._hooks and func in self._hooks[name]:
self._hooks[name].remove(func)
return True
def trigger_hook(self, __name, *args, **kwargs):
""" Trigger a hook and return a list of results. """
return [hook(*args, **kwargs) for hook in self._hooks[__name][:]]
def hook(self, name):
""" Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. See
:meth:`add_hook` for details."""
def decorator(func):
self.add_hook(name, func)
return func
return decorator
def _mount_wsgi(self, prefix, app, **options):
segments = [p for p in prefix.split('/') if p]
if not segments:
raise ValueError('WSGI applications cannot be mounted to "/".')
path_depth = len(segments)
def mountpoint_wrapper():
try:
request.path_shift(path_depth)
rs = HTTPResponse([])
def start_response(status, headerlist, exc_info=None):
if exc_info:
_raise(*exc_info)
status = _wsgi_recode(status)
headerlist = [(k, _wsgi_recode(v)) for (k, v) in headerlist]
rs.status = status
for name, value in headerlist:
rs.add_header(name, value)
return rs.body.append
body = app(request.environ, start_response)
rs.body = itertools.chain(rs.body, body) if rs.body else body
return rs
finally:
request.path_shift(-path_depth)
options.setdefault('skip', True)
options.setdefault('method', 'PROXY')
options.setdefault('mountpoint', {'prefix': prefix, 'target': app})
options['callback'] = mountpoint_wrapper
self.route('/%s/<:re:.*>' % '/'.join(segments), **options)
if not prefix.endswith('/'):
self.route('/' + '/'.join(segments), **options)
def _mount_app(self, prefix, app, **options):
if app in self._mounts or '_mount.app' in app.config:
depr(0, 13, "Application mounted multiple times. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
"Clone application before mounting to a different location.")
return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
if options:
depr(0, 13, "Unsupported mount options. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
"Do not specify any route options when mounting bottle application.")
return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
if not prefix.endswith("/"):
depr(0, 13, "Prefix must end in '/'. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
"Consider adding an explicit redirect from '/prefix' to '/prefix/' in the parent application.")
return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
self._mounts.append(app)
app.config['_mount.prefix'] = prefix
app.config['_mount.app'] = self
for route in app.routes:
route.rule = prefix + route.rule.lstrip('/')
self.add_route(route)
def mount(self, prefix, app, **options):
""" Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific
URL prefix. Example::
parent_app.mount('/prefix/', child_app)
:param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`.
:param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application.
Plugins from the parent application are not applied to the routes
of the mounted child application. If you need plugins in the child
application, install them separately.
While it is possible to use path wildcards within the prefix path
(:class:`Bottle` childs only), it is highly discouraged.
The prefix path must end with a slash. If you want to access the
root of the child application via `/prefix` in addition to
`/prefix/`, consider adding a route with a 307 redirect to the
parent application.
"""
if not prefix.startswith('/'):
raise ValueError("Prefix must start with '/'")
if isinstance(app, Bottle):
return self._mount_app(prefix, app, **options)
else:
return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
def merge(self, routes):
""" Merge the routes of another :class:`Bottle` application or a list of
:class:`Route` objects into this application. The routes keep their
'owner', meaning that the :data:`Route.app` attribute is not
changed. """
if isinstance(routes, Bottle):
routes = routes.routes
for route in routes:
self.add_route(route)
def install(self, plugin):
""" Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple
decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API.
"""
if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self)
if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()")
self.plugins.append(plugin)
self.reset()
return plugin
def uninstall(self, plugin):
""" Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type
object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove
all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all
plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. """
removed, remove = [], plugin
for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]:
if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \
or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove:
removed.append(plugin)
del self.plugins[i]
if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
if removed: self.reset()
return removed
def reset(self, route=None):
""" Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all
caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route
is affected. """
if route is None: routes = self.routes
elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route]
else: routes = [self.routes[route]]
for route in routes:
route.reset()
if DEBUG:
for route in routes:
route.prepare()
self.trigger_hook('app_reset')
def close(self):
""" Close the application and all installed plugins. """
for plugin in self.plugins:
if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
def run(self, **kwargs):
""" Calls :func:`run` with the same parameters. """
run(self, **kwargs)
def match(self, environ):
""" Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route`, urlargs)
tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted
from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match."""
return self.router.match(environ)
def get_url(self, routename, **kargs):
""" Return a string that matches a named route """
scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/'
location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/')
return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location)
def add_route(self, route):
""" Add a route object, but do not change the :data:`Route.app`
attribute."""
self.routes.append(route)
self.router.add(route.rule, route.method, route, name=route.name)
if DEBUG: route.prepare()
def route(self,
path=None,
method='GET',
callback=None,
name=None,
apply=None,
skip=None, **config):
""" A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example::
@app.route('/hello/<name>')
def hello(name):
return 'Hello %s' % name
The ``<name>`` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax
details.
:param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no
path is specified, it is automatically generated from the
signature of the function.
:param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of
methods to listen to. (default: `GET`)
:param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator
syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)``
:param name: The name for this route. (default: None)
:param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are
applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins.
:param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching
plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all.
Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific
configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`).
"""
if callable(path): path, callback = None, path
plugins = makelist(apply)
skiplist = makelist(skip)
def decorator(callback):
if isinstance(callback, str):
callback = load(callback) # type: Callable
for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
for verb in makelist(method):
verb = verb.upper()
route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback,
name=name,
plugins=plugins,
skiplist=skiplist, **config)
self.add_route(route)
return callback
return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route`. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
def patch(self, path=None, method='PATCH', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PATCH`` method parameter. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
def error(self, code=500, callback=None):
""" Register an output handler for a HTTP error code. Can
be used as a decorator or called directly ::
def error_handler_500(error):
return 'error_handler_500'
app.error(code=500, callback=error_handler_500)
@app.error(404)
def error_handler_404(error):
return 'error_handler_404'
"""
def decorator(callback):
if isinstance(callback, str): callback = load(callback)
self.error_handler[int(code)] = callback
return callback
return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
def default_error_handler(self, res):
return tob(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=res, template_settings=dict(name='__ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE')))
def _handle(self, environ):
path = environ['bottle.raw_path'] = environ['PATH_INFO']
environ['PATH_INFO'] = _wsgi_recode(path)
environ['bottle.app'] = self
request.bind(environ)
response.bind()
out = None
try:
try:
self.trigger_hook('before_request')
route, args = self.router.match(environ)
environ['route.handle'] = route
environ['bottle.route'] = route
environ['route.url_args'] = args
out = route.call(**args)
except HTTPResponse as E:
out = E
finally:
if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
out.apply(response)
try:
self.trigger_hook('after_request')
except HTTPResponse as E:
out = E
out.apply(response)
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
raise
except Exception as E:
_try_close(out)
if not self.catchall: raise
stacktrace = format_exc()
environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace)
environ['wsgi.errors'].flush()
environ['bottle.exc_info'] = sys.exc_info()
out = HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", E, stacktrace)
out.apply(response)
return out
def _cast(self, out, peek=None):
""" Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set
correct HTTP headers when possible.
Support: False, bytes/bytearray, str, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError,
file-like, iterable of bytes/bytearray or str instances.
"""
# Empty output is done here
if not out:
response._setdefault_header('Content-Length', "0")
return []
# Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported
if isinstance(out, (tuple, list)) and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, str)):
out = out[0][0:0].join(out) # b'abc'[0:0] -> b''
# Encode unicode strings
if isinstance(out, str):
out = out.encode(response.charset)
# Byte Strings are just returned
if isinstance(out, bytes):
response._setdefault_header('Content-Length', len(out))
return [out]