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Developing a Malay ethnomathematics learning instruction based on a 360-degree virtual tour: supporting fifth-grade students’ spatial skills and cultural awareness

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Abstract

The advancement of digital technology creates new ways to provide relevant and contextual mathematical education. However, elementary school geometry instruction frequently lacks a connection to the local cultural environment, which may underdevelop students’ spatial skills and cultural awareness. This study aims to develop 360-degree virtual tour learning instruction of the Siak Sri Indrapura Palace to develop spatial skills and cultural awareness of fifth-grade students. This 360-degree virtual tour was developed using a research and development model consisting of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE). The 360-degree virtual tour was developed and validated by four experts in the fields of mathematics, technology, and culture. The 360-degree virtual tour was tested with 31 fifth-grade students. The research design uses a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative designs. The data were collected using spatial skills and cultural awareness tests administered before and after the experiment. The findings of this study indicated that students’ spatial skills and cultural awareness improved from the pretest to the posttest. The independent samples t-test showed significance values of 0.009 for spatial skills and 0,001 for cultural awareness, respectively, which are less than 0.05, indicating statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in fifth-grade students' spatial skills and cultural awareness, with the experimental group achieving higher posttest scores for both outcomes. The implications of the study emphasize how a 360-degree virtual tour can bridge abstract mathematical concepts and concrete (real) and visual representations for fifth-grade students in elementary school.

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the University of Riau, the Siak Regency Government and Public Elementary School in Lalang for facilitating this research.

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  1. University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

    Rizki Rahmali Fadhillah, Zetra Hainul Putra & Neni Hermita

  2. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA

    Sagheer Ahmad

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  1. Rizki Rahmali Fadhillah
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  2. Zetra Hainul Putra
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Correspondence to Rizki Rahmali Fadhillah.

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The parents of the children participating in this study provided informed consent for their children through communication with their homeroom teachers in the Parent-Teacher WhatsApp group. Therefore, only children with permission from their parents or guardians were able to attend our sessions.

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Fadhillah, R.R., Putra, Z.H., Hermita, N. et al. Developing a Malay ethnomathematics learning instruction based on a 360-degree virtual tour: supporting fifth-grade students’ spatial skills and cultural awareness. Educ Inf Technol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-026-14176-w

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