Abstract
This paper explores disparities in household income and consumption levels in Bihar, drawing on data from the 2023–24 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for Bihar, which includes information from 4544 households. The dataset offers insights into demographic and regional attributes, including caste, location, and religious affiliation. The analysis reveals substantial inequality in both earnings and spending across different social and geographic segments. The distribution of inequality within these groups is skewed towards the higher end of the spectrum. To quantify inequality, the study employed statistical tools such as the Gini coefficient, Kernel Density (KD) curves, and generalized entropy indices. The regression results also confirms that all variables, with the exception of religion Islam and social group ST, play a statistically significant role in shaping household average per capita expenditure patterns.
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Kumar, R., Singh, A. & Girdharwal, A. Income and expenditure inequalities among the households of Bihar. Lett Spat Resour Sci 18, 27 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-025-00423-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-025-00423-0