Update `uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@...` references in documentation to
`ae62891fec2bb8e7d6c99fc78c9fec3a63790f8d # v10.0.0`.

Co-authored-by: eifinger <eifinger@users.noreply.github.com>

Transient timeout fetching manifests have increased significantly
recently, especially with private runners.

```
Fetching manifest data from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/versions/main/v1/uv.ndjson ...
Error: The operation was aborted due to timeout
```

Retry transient manifest network failures up to three times with a
progressive backoff (not exponential), keeping the total wait bounded
while making setup resilient to short network blips.

Co-authored-by: Raymond <arguile-@users.noreply.github.com>

chore: update known checksums for 0.12.4

Co-authored-by: eifinger <eifinger@users.noreply.github.com>