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# Copyright (C) 2001-2020, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# Maintained by the python-doc-es workteam.
# docs-es@python.org /
# https://mail.python.org/mailman3/lists/docs-es.python.org/
# Check https://github.com/python/python-docs-es/blob/3.8/TRANSLATORS to
# get the list of volunteers
#
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.8\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-02-26 18:44-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-11-12 10:39+0800\n"
"Last-Translator: Rodrigo Tobar <rtobarc@gmail.com>\n"
"Language: es\n"
"Language-Team: python-doc-es\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Generated-By: Babel 2.18.0\n"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:7
msgid "Defining Extension Types: Tutorial"
msgstr "Definición de tipos de extensión: Tutorial"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:14
msgid ""
"Python allows the writer of a C extension module to define new types that "
"can be manipulated from Python code, much like the built-in :class:`str` "
"and :class:`list` types. The code for all extension types follows a "
"pattern, but there are some details that you need to understand before you "
"can get started. This document is a gentle introduction to the topic."
msgstr ""
"Python le permite al escritor de un módulo de extensión C definir nuevos "
"tipos que pueden ser manipulados desde el código Python, al igual que los "
"tipos incorporados :class:`str` y :class:`list`. El código para todos los "
"tipos de extensión sigue un patrón, pero hay algunos detalles que debe "
"comprender antes de comenzar. Este documento es una introducción suave al "
"tema."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:24
msgid "The Basics"
msgstr "Lo básico"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The :term:`CPython` runtime sees all Python objects as variables of type :c:"
"expr:`PyObject*`, which serves as a \"base type\" for all Python objects. "
"The :c:type:`PyObject` structure itself only contains the object's :term:"
"`reference count` and a pointer to the object's \"type object\". This is "
"where the action is; the type object determines which (C) functions get "
"called by the interpreter when, for instance, an attribute gets looked up on "
"an object, a method called, or it is multiplied by another object. These C "
"functions are called \"type methods\"."
msgstr ""
"El tiempo de ejecución :term:`CPython` ve todos los objetos de Python como "
"variables de tipo :c:type:`PyObject\\*`, que sirve como un \"tipo base\" "
"para todos los objetos de Python. La estructura :c:type:`PyObject` solo "
"contiene el :term:`reference count` del objeto y un puntero al \"objeto "
"tipo\" del objeto. Aquí es donde está la acción; el objeto tipo determina "
"qué funciones (C) llama el intérprete cuando, por ejemplo, se busca un "
"atributo en un objeto, se llama un método o se multiplica por otro objeto. "
"Estas funciones de C se denominan \"métodos de tipo\"."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:35
msgid ""
"So, if you want to define a new extension type, you need to create a new "
"type object."
msgstr ""
"Por lo tanto, si desea definir un nuevo tipo de extensión, debe crear un "
"nuevo objeto de tipo."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:38
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This sort of thing can only be explained by example, so here's a minimal, "
"but complete, module that defines a new type named :class:`!Custom` inside a "
"C extension module :mod:`!custom`:"
msgstr ""
"Este tipo de cosas solo se pueden explicar con un ejemplo, por lo que aquí "
"hay un módulo mínimo, pero completo, que define un nuevo tipo llamado :class:"
"`Custom` dentro de un módulo de extensión C :mod:`custom`:"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:43
msgid ""
"What we're showing here is the traditional way of defining *static* "
"extension types. It should be adequate for most uses. The C API also "
"allows defining heap-allocated extension types using the :c:func:"
"`PyType_FromSpec` function, which isn't covered in this tutorial."
msgstr ""
"Lo que estamos mostrando aquí es la forma tradicional de definir tipos de "
"extensión *estáticos*. Debe ser adecuado para la mayoría de los usos. La API "
"de C también permite definir tipos de extensiones asignadas en el montón "
"utilizando la función :c:func:`PyType_FromSpec`, que no se trata en este "
"tutorial."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:48
msgid ""
"#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN\n"
"#include <Python.h>\n"
"\n"
"typedef struct {\n"
" PyObject_HEAD\n"
" /* Type-specific fields go here. */\n"
"} CustomObject;\n"
"\n"
"static PyTypeObject CustomType = {\n"
" .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)\n"
" .tp_name = \"custom.Custom\",\n"
" .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(\"Custom objects\"),\n"
" .tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),\n"
" .tp_itemsize = 0,\n"
" .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,\n"
" .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"static int\n"
"custom_module_exec(PyObject *m)\n"
"{\n"
" if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) {\n"
" return -1;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, \"Custom\", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) "
"{\n"
" return -1;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PyModuleDef_Slot custom_module_slots[] = {\n"
" {Py_mod_exec, custom_module_exec},\n"
" // Just use this while using static types\n"
" {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, "
"Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED},\n"
" {0, NULL}\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"static PyModuleDef custom_module = {\n"
" .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,\n"
" .m_name = \"custom\",\n"
" .m_doc = \"Example module that creates an extension type.\",\n"
" .m_size = 0,\n"
" .m_slots = custom_module_slots,\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"PyMODINIT_FUNC\n"
"PyInit_custom(void)\n"
"{\n"
" return PyModuleDef_Init(&custom_module);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:50
msgid ""
"Now that's quite a bit to take in at once, but hopefully bits will seem "
"familiar from the previous chapter. This file defines three things:"
msgstr ""
"Ahora, eso es bastante para asimilar a la vez, pero espero que los "
"fragmentos le resulten familiares del capítulo anterior. Este archivo define "
"tres cosas:"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:53
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What a :class:`!Custom` **object** contains: this is the ``CustomObject`` "
"struct, which is allocated once for each :class:`!Custom` instance."
msgstr ""
"Lo que contiene un **objeto** :class:`Custom`: esta es la estructura "
"``CustomObject``, que se asigna una vez para cada instancia de :class:"
"`Custom`."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:55
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"How the :class:`!Custom` **type** behaves: this is the ``CustomType`` "
"struct, which defines a set of flags and function pointers that the "
"interpreter inspects when specific operations are requested."
msgstr ""
"Cómo se comporta :class:`Custom` **type**: esta es la estructura "
"``CustomType``, que define un conjunto de indicadores y punteros de función "
"que el intérprete inspecciona cuando se solicitan operaciones específicas."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:58
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"How to define and execute the :mod:`!custom` module: this is the "
"``PyInit_custom`` function and the associated ``custom_module`` struct for "
"defining the module, and the ``custom_module_exec`` function to set up a "
"fresh module object."
msgstr ""
"Cómo inicializar el módulo :mod:`custom`: esta es la función "
"``PyInit_custom`` y la estructura asociada ``custommodule``."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:63
msgid "The first bit is::"
msgstr "La primera parte es::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:65
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"typedef struct {\n"
" PyObject_HEAD\n"
"} CustomObject;"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:69
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is what a Custom object will contain. ``PyObject_HEAD`` is mandatory "
"at the start of each object struct and defines a field called ``ob_base`` of "
"type :c:type:`PyObject`, containing a pointer to a type object and a "
"reference count (these can be accessed using the macros :c:macro:`Py_TYPE` "
"and :c:macro:`Py_REFCNT` respectively). The reason for the macro is to "
"abstract away the layout and to enable additional fields in :ref:`debug "
"builds <debug-build>`."
msgstr ""
"Esto es lo que contendrá un objeto personalizado. ``PyObject_HEAD`` es "
"obligatorio al comienzo de cada estructura de objeto y define un campo "
"llamado ``ob_base`` de tipo :c:type:`PyObject`, que contiene un puntero a un "
"objeto de tipo y un recuento de referencia (estos pueden ser accedidos "
"mediante las macros :c:macro:`Py_REFCNT` y :c:macro:`Py_TYPE` "
"respectivamente). El motivo de la macro es abstraer el diseño y habilitar "
"campos adicionales en las :ref:`compilaciones de depuración <debug-build>`."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:78
msgid ""
"There is no semicolon above after the :c:macro:`PyObject_HEAD` macro. Be "
"wary of adding one by accident: some compilers will complain."
msgstr ""
"No hay punto y coma (;) arriba después de la macro :c:macro:`PyObject_HEAD`. "
"Tenga cuidado de agregar uno por accidente: algunos compiladores se quejarán."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:81
msgid ""
"Of course, objects generally store additional data besides the standard "
"``PyObject_HEAD`` boilerplate; for example, here is the definition for "
"standard Python floats::"
msgstr ""
"Por supuesto, los objetos generalmente almacenan datos adicionales además "
"del estándar ``PyObject_HEAD`` repetitivo; por ejemplo, aquí está la "
"definición de puntos flotantes del estándar de Python::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:85
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"typedef struct {\n"
" PyObject_HEAD\n"
" double ob_fval;\n"
"} PyFloatObject;"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:90
msgid "The second bit is the definition of the type object. ::"
msgstr "La segunda parte es la definición del tipo de objeto. ::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:92
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"static PyTypeObject CustomType = {\n"
" .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)\n"
" .tp_name = \"custom.Custom\",\n"
" .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(\"Custom objects\"),\n"
" .tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),\n"
" .tp_itemsize = 0,\n"
" .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,\n"
" .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,\n"
"};"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:103
msgid ""
"We recommend using C99-style designated initializers as above, to avoid "
"listing all the :c:type:`PyTypeObject` fields that you don't care about and "
"also to avoid caring about the fields' declaration order."
msgstr ""
"Recomendamos utilizar los inicializadores designados al estilo C99 como se "
"indica arriba, para evitar enumerar todos los campos :c:type:`PyTypeObject` "
"que no le interesan y también para evitar preocuparse por el orden de "
"declaración de los campos."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:107
msgid ""
"The actual definition of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` in :file:`object.h` has many "
"more :ref:`fields <type-structs>` than the definition above. The remaining "
"fields will be filled with zeros by the C compiler, and it's common practice "
"to not specify them explicitly unless you need them."
msgstr ""
"La definición real de :c:type:`PyTypeObject` en :file:`object.h` tiene "
"muchos más :ref:`campos <type-structs>` que la definición anterior. El "
"compilador de C rellenará los campos restantes con ceros, y es una práctica "
"común no especificarlos explícitamente a menos que los necesite."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:112
msgid "We're going to pick it apart, one field at a time::"
msgstr "Lo vamos a separar, un campo a la vez:"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:114
msgid ".ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:116
msgid ""
"This line is mandatory boilerplate to initialize the ``ob_base`` field "
"mentioned above. ::"
msgstr ""
"Esta línea es obligatoria para inicializar el campo ``ob_base`` mencionado "
"anteriormente. ::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:119
msgid ".tp_name = \"custom.Custom\","
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:121
msgid ""
"The name of our type. This will appear in the default textual "
"representation of our objects and in some error messages, for example:"
msgstr ""
"El nombre de nuestro tipo. Esto aparecerá en la representación textual "
"predeterminada de nuestros objetos y en algunos mensajes de error, por "
"ejemplo:"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:124
msgid ""
">>> \"\" + custom.Custom()\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"TypeError: can only concatenate str (not \"custom.Custom\") to str"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:131
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Note that the name is a dotted name that includes both the module name and "
"the name of the type within the module. The module in this case is :mod:`!"
"custom` and the type is :class:`!Custom`, so we set the type name to :class:"
"`!custom.Custom`. Using the real dotted import path is important to make "
"your type compatible with the :mod:`pydoc` and :mod:`pickle` modules. ::"
msgstr ""
"Tenga en cuenta que el nombre es un nombre punteado que incluye tanto el "
"nombre del módulo como el nombre del tipo dentro del módulo. El módulo en "
"este caso es :mod:`custom` y el tipo es :class:`Custom`, por lo que "
"establecemos el nombre del tipo en :class:`custom.Custom`. Usar la ruta de "
"importación punteada real es importante para que su tipo sea compatible con "
"los módulos :mod:`pydoc` y :mod:`pickle`. ::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:137
msgid ""
".tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),\n"
".tp_itemsize = 0,"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:140
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is so that Python knows how much memory to allocate when creating new :"
"class:`!Custom` instances. :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize` is only "
"used for variable-sized objects and should otherwise be zero."
msgstr ""
"Esto es para que Python sepa cuánta memoria asignar al crear instancias "
"nuevas :class:`Custom`. :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize` solo se usa "
"para objetos de tamaño variable y, de lo contrario, debería ser cero."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:146
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you want your type to be subclassable from Python, and your type has the "
"same :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` as its base type, you may have "
"problems with multiple inheritance. A Python subclass of your type will "
"have to list your type first in its :attr:`~type.__bases__`, or else it will "
"not be able to call your type's :meth:`~object.__new__` method without "
"getting an error. You can avoid this problem by ensuring that your type has "
"a larger value for :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` than its base type "
"does. Most of the time, this will be true anyway, because either your base "
"type will be :class:`object`, or else you will be adding data members to "
"your base type, and therefore increasing its size."
msgstr ""
"Si desea que su tipo pueda tener subclases desde Python, y su tipo tiene el "
"mismo :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` como su tipo base, puede tener "
"problemas con la herencia múltiple. Una subclase de Python de su tipo tendrá "
"que enumerar su tipo primero en su :attr:`~class.__bases__`, o de lo "
"contrario no podrá llamar al método de su tipo :meth:`__new__` sin obtener "
"un error. Puede evitar este problema asegurándose de que su tipo tenga un "
"valor mayor para :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` que su tipo base. La "
"mayoría de las veces, esto será cierto de todos modos, porque su tipo base "
"será :class:`object`, o de lo contrario agregará miembros de datos a su tipo "
"base y, por lo tanto, aumentará su tamaño."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:156
#, fuzzy
msgid "We set the class flags to :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT`. ::"
msgstr "Configuramos las banderas de clase a :const:`Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT`. ::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:158
msgid ".tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:160
msgid ""
"All types should include this constant in their flags. It enables all of "
"the members defined until at least Python 3.3. If you need further members, "
"you will need to OR the corresponding flags."
msgstr ""
"Todos los tipos deben incluir esta constante en sus banderas. Habilita todos "
"los miembros definidos hasta al menos Python 3.3. Si necesita más miembros, "
"necesitará O (*OR*) las banderas correspondientes."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:164
msgid ""
"We provide a doc string for the type in :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_doc`. ::"
msgstr ""
"Proporcionamos una cadena de documentos para el tipo en :c:member:"
"`~PyTypeObject.tp_doc`. ::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:166
msgid ".tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(\"Custom objects\"),"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:168
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To enable object creation, we have to provide a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject."
"tp_new` handler. This is the equivalent of the Python method :meth:`~object."
"__new__`, but has to be specified explicitly. In this case, we can just use "
"the default implementation provided by the API function :c:func:"
"`PyType_GenericNew`. ::"
msgstr ""
"Para habilitar la creación de objetos, debemos proporcionar un controlador :"
"c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new`. Este es el equivalente del método Python :"
"meth:`__new__`, pero debe especificarse explícitamente. En este caso, "
"podemos usar la implementación predeterminada proporcionada por la función "
"API :c:func:`PyType_GenericNew`. ::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:173
msgid ".tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:175
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Everything else in the file should be familiar, except for some code in :c:"
"func:`!custom_module_exec`::"
msgstr ""
"Todo lo demás en el archivo debe ser familiar, excepto algún código en :c:"
"func:`PyInit_custom`::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:178
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) {\n"
" return -1;\n"
"}"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:182
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This initializes the :class:`!Custom` type, filling in a number of members "
"to the appropriate default values, including :c:member:`~PyObject.ob_type` "
"that we initially set to ``NULL``. ::"
msgstr ""
"Esto inicializa el tipo :class:`Custom`, completando un número de miembros "
"con los valores predeterminados apropiados, que incluyen :attr:`ob_type` que "
"inicialmente configuramos en ``NULL``. ::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:186
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, \"Custom\", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) {\n"
" return -1;\n"
"}"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:190
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This adds the type to the module dictionary. This allows us to create :"
"class:`!Custom` instances by calling the :class:`!Custom` class:"
msgstr ""
"Esto agrega el tipo al diccionario del módulo. Esto nos permite crear "
"instancias :class:`Custom` llamando la clase :class:`Custom`:"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:193
msgid ""
">>> import custom\n"
">>> mycustom = custom.Custom()"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:198
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That's it! All that remains is to build it; put the above code in a file "
"called :file:`custom.c`,"
msgstr ""
"¡Eso es! Todo lo que queda es construirlo; ponga el código anterior en un "
"archivo llamado :file:`custom.c` y:"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:201
msgid ""
"[build-system]\n"
"requires = [\"setuptools\"]\n"
"build-backend = \"setuptools.build_meta\"\n"
"\n"
"[project]\n"
"name = \"custom\"\n"
"version = \"1\"\n"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:203
#, fuzzy
msgid "in a file called :file:`pyproject.toml`, and"
msgstr "en un archivo llamado :file:`setup.py`; luego escribiendo"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:205
msgid ""
"from setuptools import Extension, setup\n"
"setup(ext_modules=[Extension(\"custom\", [\"custom.c\"])])"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:210
msgid "in a file called :file:`setup.py`; then typing"
msgstr "en un archivo llamado :file:`setup.py`; luego escribiendo"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:212
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:550
msgid "$ python -m pip install ."
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:216
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"in a shell should produce a file :file:`custom.so` in a subdirectory and "
"install it; now fire up Python --- you should be able to ``import custom`` "
"and play around with ``Custom`` objects."
msgstr ""
"en un shell debería producir un archivo :file:`custom.so` en un "
"subdirectorio; muévete a ese directorio y abre Python --- deberías poder "
"``import custom`` y jugar con objetos personalizados."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:220
msgid "That wasn't so hard, was it?"
msgstr "Eso no fue tan difícil, ¿verdad?"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:222
msgid ""
"Of course, the current Custom type is pretty uninteresting. It has no data "
"and doesn't do anything. It can't even be subclassed."
msgstr ""
"Por supuesto, el tipo personalizado actual es bastante poco interesante. No "
"tiene datos y no hace nada. Ni siquiera se puede subclasificar."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:227
msgid "Adding data and methods to the Basic example"
msgstr "Agregar datos y métodos al ejemplo básico"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:229
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let's extend the basic example to add some data and methods. Let's also "
"make the type usable as a base class. We'll create a new module, :mod:`!"
"custom2` that adds these capabilities:"
msgstr ""
"Extendamos el ejemplo básico para agregar algunos datos y métodos. También "
"hagamos que el tipo sea utilizable como una clase base. Crearemos un nuevo "
"módulo, :mod:`custom2` que agrega estas capacidades:"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:233
msgid ""
"#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN\n"
"#include <Python.h>\n"
"#include <stddef.h> /* for offsetof() */\n"
"\n"
"typedef struct {\n"
" PyObject_HEAD\n"
" PyObject *first; /* first name */\n"
" PyObject *last; /* last name */\n"
" int number;\n"
"} CustomObject;\n"
"\n"
"static void\n"
"Custom_dealloc(PyObject *op)\n"
"{\n"
" CustomObject *self = (CustomObject *) op;\n"
" Py_XDECREF(self->first);\n"
" Py_XDECREF(self->last);\n"
" Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PyObject *\n"
"Custom_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)\n"
"{\n"
" CustomObject *self;\n"
" self = (CustomObject *) type->tp_alloc(type, 0);\n"
" if (self != NULL) {\n"
" self->first = Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR);\n"
" if (self->first == NULL) {\n"
" Py_DECREF(self);\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" self->last = Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR);\n"
" if (self->last == NULL) {\n"
" Py_DECREF(self);\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" self->number = 0;\n"
" }\n"
" return (PyObject *) self;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static int\n"
"Custom_init(PyObject *op, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)\n"
"{\n"
" CustomObject *self = (CustomObject *) op;\n"
" static char *kwlist[] = {\"first\", \"last\", \"number\", NULL};\n"
" PyObject *first = NULL, *last = NULL;\n"
"\n"
" if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, \"|OOi\", kwlist,\n"
" &first, &last,\n"
" &self->number))\n"
" return -1;\n"
"\n"
" if (first) {\n"
" Py_XSETREF(self->first, Py_NewRef(first));\n"
" }\n"
" if (last) {\n"
" Py_XSETREF(self->last, Py_NewRef(last));\n"
" }\n"
" return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PyMemberDef Custom_members[] = {\n"
" {\"first\", Py_T_OBJECT_EX, offsetof(CustomObject, first), 0,\n"
" \"first name\"},\n"
" {\"last\", Py_T_OBJECT_EX, offsetof(CustomObject, last), 0,\n"
" \"last name\"},\n"
" {\"number\", Py_T_INT, offsetof(CustomObject, number), 0,\n"
" \"custom number\"},\n"
" {NULL} /* Sentinel */\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"static PyObject *\n"
"Custom_name(PyObject *op, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(dummy))\n"
"{\n"
" CustomObject *self = (CustomObject *) op;\n"
" if (self->first == NULL) {\n"
" PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, \"first\");\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" if (self->last == NULL) {\n"
" PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, \"last\");\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" return PyUnicode_FromFormat(\"%S %S\", self->first, self->last);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PyMethodDef Custom_methods[] = {\n"
" {\"name\", Custom_name, METH_NOARGS,\n"
" \"Return the name, combining the first and last name\"\n"
" },\n"
" {NULL} /* Sentinel */\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"static PyTypeObject CustomType = {\n"
" .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)\n"
" .tp_name = \"custom2.Custom\",\n"
" .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(\"Custom objects\"),\n"
" .tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),\n"
" .tp_itemsize = 0,\n"
" .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,\n"
" .tp_new = Custom_new,\n"
" .tp_init = Custom_init,\n"
" .tp_dealloc = Custom_dealloc,\n"
" .tp_members = Custom_members,\n"
" .tp_methods = Custom_methods,\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"static int\n"
"custom_module_exec(PyObject *m)\n"
"{\n"
" if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0) {\n"
" return -1;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, \"Custom\", (PyObject *) &CustomType) < 0) "
"{\n"
" return -1;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PyModuleDef_Slot custom_module_slots[] = {\n"
" {Py_mod_exec, custom_module_exec},\n"
" {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, "
"Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED},\n"
" {0, NULL}\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"static PyModuleDef custom_module = {\n"
" .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,\n"
" .m_name = \"custom2\",\n"
" .m_doc = \"Example module that creates an extension type.\",\n"
" .m_size = 0,\n"
" .m_slots = custom_module_slots,\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"PyMODINIT_FUNC\n"
"PyInit_custom2(void)\n"
"{\n"
" return PyModuleDef_Init(&custom_module);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:236
msgid "This version of the module has a number of changes."
msgstr "Esta versión del módulo tiene una serie de cambios."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:238
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The :class:`!Custom` type now has three data attributes in its C struct, "
"*first*, *last*, and *number*. The *first* and *last* variables are Python "
"strings containing first and last names. The *number* attribute is a C "
"integer."
msgstr ""
"El tipo :class:`Custom` ahora tiene tres atributos de datos en su estructura "
"C, *first*, *last* y *number*. Las variables *first* y *last* son cadenas de "
"caracteres de Python que contienen nombres y apellidos. El atributo *number* "
"es un entero C."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:242
msgid "The object structure is updated accordingly::"
msgstr "La estructura del objeto se actualiza en consecuencia::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:244
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"typedef struct {\n"
" PyObject_HEAD\n"
" PyObject *first; /* first name */\n"
" PyObject *last; /* last name */\n"
" int number;\n"
"} CustomObject;"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:251
msgid ""
"Because we now have data to manage, we have to be more careful about object "
"allocation and deallocation. At a minimum, we need a deallocation method::"
msgstr ""
"Debido a que ahora tenemos datos para administrar, debemos ser más "
"cuidadosos con la asignación de objetos y la desasignación. Como mínimo, "
"necesitamos un método de desasignación::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:254
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"static void\n"
"Custom_dealloc(PyObject *op)\n"
"{\n"
" CustomObject *self = (CustomObject *) op;\n"
" Py_XDECREF(self->first);\n"
" Py_XDECREF(self->last);\n"
" Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);\n"
"}"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:263
msgid "which is assigned to the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` member::"
msgstr "que se asigna al miembro :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:265
msgid ".tp_dealloc = Custom_dealloc,"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:267
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This method first clears the reference counts of the two Python attributes. :"
"c:func:`Py_XDECREF` correctly handles the case where its argument is "
"``NULL`` (which might happen here if ``tp_new`` failed midway). It then "
"calls the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` member of the object's type "
"(computed by ``Py_TYPE(self)``) to free the object's memory. Note that the "
"object's type might not be :class:`!CustomType`, because the object may be "
"an instance of a subclass."
msgstr ""
"Este método primero borra los recuentos de referencia de los dos atributos "
"de Python. :c:func:`Py_XDECREF` maneja correctamente el caso donde su "
"argumento es ``NULL`` (lo que podría ocurrir aquí si ``tp_new`` fallara a "
"mitad de camino). Luego llama al miembro :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` "
"del tipo de objeto (calculado por ``Py_TYPE(self)``) para liberar la memoria "
"del objeto. Tenga en cuenta que el tipo de objeto podría no ser :class:"
"`CustomType`, porque el objeto puede ser una instancia de una subclase."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:277
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The explicit cast to ``CustomObject *`` above is needed because we defined "
"``Custom_dealloc`` to take a ``PyObject *`` argument, as the ``tp_dealloc`` "
"function pointer expects to receive a ``PyObject *`` argument. By assigning "
"to the ``tp_dealloc`` slot of a type, we declare that it can only be called "
"with instances of our ``CustomObject`` class, so the cast to ``(CustomObject "
"*)`` is safe. This is object-oriented polymorphism, in C!"
msgstr ""
"La conversión explícita a ``destructor`` anterior es necesaria porque "
"definimos ``Custom_dealloc`` para tomar un argumento ``CustomObject *``, "
"pero el puntero de función ``tp_dealloc`` espera recibir un argumento "
"``PyObject *``. De lo contrario, el compilador emitirá una advertencia. Este "
"es un polimorfismo orientado a objetos, en C!"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:285
msgid ""
"In existing code, or in previous versions of this tutorial, you might see "
"similar functions take a pointer to the subtype object structure "
"(``CustomObject*``) directly, like this::"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:289
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"Custom_dealloc(CustomObject *self)\n"
"{\n"
" Py_XDECREF(self->first);\n"
" Py_XDECREF(self->last);\n"
" Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *) self);\n"
"}\n"
"...\n"
".tp_dealloc = (destructor) Custom_dealloc,"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:298
msgid ""
"This does the same thing on all architectures that CPython supports, but "
"according to the C standard, it invokes undefined behavior."
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:302
msgid ""
"We want to make sure that the first and last names are initialized to empty "
"strings, so we provide a ``tp_new`` implementation::"
msgstr ""
"Queremos asegurarnos de que el nombre y el apellido se inicialicen en "
"cadenas de caracteres vacías, por lo que proporcionamos una implementación "
"``tp_new``::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:305
msgid ""
"static PyObject *\n"
"Custom_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)\n"
"{\n"
" CustomObject *self;\n"
" self = (CustomObject *) type->tp_alloc(type, 0);\n"
" if (self != NULL) {\n"
" self->first = PyUnicode_FromString(\"\");\n"
" if (self->first == NULL) {\n"
" Py_DECREF(self);\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" self->last = PyUnicode_FromString(\"\");\n"
" if (self->last == NULL) {\n"
" Py_DECREF(self);\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" self->number = 0;\n"
" }\n"
" return (PyObject *) self;\n"
"}"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:326
msgid "and install it in the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` member::"
msgstr "e instalarlo en el miembro :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new`::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:328
msgid ".tp_new = Custom_new,"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:330
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The ``tp_new`` handler is responsible for creating (as opposed to "
"initializing) objects of the type. It is exposed in Python as the :meth:"
"`~object.__new__` method. It is not required to define a ``tp_new`` member, "
"and indeed many extension types will simply reuse :c:func:"
"`PyType_GenericNew` as done in the first version of the :class:`!Custom` "
"type above. In this case, we use the ``tp_new`` handler to initialize the "
"``first`` and ``last`` attributes to non-``NULL`` default values."
msgstr ""
"El controlador ``tp_new`` es responsable de crear (en lugar de inicializar) "
"objetos del tipo. Está expuesto en Python como el método :meth:`__new__`. No "
"es necesario definir un miembro ``tp_new``, y de hecho muchos tipos de "
"extensiones simplemente reutilizarán :c:func:`PyType_GenericNew` como se "
"hizo en la primera versión del tipo ``Personalizado`` anterior. En este "
"caso, usamos el controlador ``tp_new`` para inicializar los atributos "
"``first`` y ``last`` a valores predeterminados que no sean ``NULL``."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:338
msgid ""
"``tp_new`` is passed the type being instantiated (not necessarily "
"``CustomType``, if a subclass is instantiated) and any arguments passed when "
"the type was called, and is expected to return the instance created. "
"``tp_new`` handlers always accept positional and keyword arguments, but they "
"often ignore the arguments, leaving the argument handling to initializer (a."
"k.a. ``tp_init`` in C or ``__init__`` in Python) methods."
msgstr ""
"``tp_new`` se pasa el tipo que se instancia (no necesariamente "
"``CustomType``, si se instancia una subclase) y cualquier argumento pasado "
"cuando se llamó al tipo, y se espera que retorna la instancia creada. Los "
"manejadores ``tp_new`` siempre aceptan argumentos posicionales y de palabras "
"clave, pero a menudo ignoran los argumentos, dejando el manejo de argumentos "
"al inicializador (también conocido como, ``tp_init`` en C o ``__init__`` en "
"Python)."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:346
msgid ""
"``tp_new`` shouldn't call ``tp_init`` explicitly, as the interpreter will do "
"it itself."
msgstr ""
"``tp_new`` no debería llamar explícitamente a ``tp_init``, ya que el "
"intérprete lo hará por sí mismo."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:349
msgid ""
"The ``tp_new`` implementation calls the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` "
"slot to allocate memory::"
msgstr ""
"La implementación ``tp_new`` llama al :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` "
"para asignar memoria::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:352
msgid "self = (CustomObject *) type->tp_alloc(type, 0);"
msgstr ""
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:354
msgid ""
"Since memory allocation may fail, we must check the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject."
"tp_alloc` result against ``NULL`` before proceeding."
msgstr ""
"Como la asignación de memoria puede fallar, debemos verificar el resultado :"
"c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` contra ``NULL`` antes de continuar."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:358
msgid ""
"We didn't fill the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` slot ourselves. "
"Rather :c:func:`PyType_Ready` fills it for us by inheriting it from our base "
"class, which is :class:`object` by default. Most types use the default "
"allocation strategy."
msgstr ""
"No llenamos la ranura :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc` nosotros mismos. "
"Más bien :c:func:`PyType_Ready` lo llena para nosotros al heredarlo de "
"nuestra clase base, que es :class:`object` por defecto. La mayoría de los "
"tipos utilizan la estrategia de asignación predeterminada."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:364
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you are creating a co-operative :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` (one "
"that calls a base type's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` or :meth:`~object."
"__new__`), you must *not* try to determine what method to call using method "
"resolution order at runtime. Always statically determine what type you are "
"going to call, and call its :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` directly, or "
"via ``type->tp_base->tp_new``. If you do not do this, Python subclasses of "
"your type that also inherit from other Python-defined classes may not work "
"correctly. (Specifically, you may not be able to create instances of such "
"subclasses without getting a :exc:`TypeError`.)"
msgstr ""
"Si está creando una cooperativa :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` (una que "
"llama a un tipo base :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` o :meth:`__new__`), "
"*no* debe intentar determinar a qué método llamar utilizando el orden de "
"resolución del método en tiempo de ejecución. Siempre determine "
"estáticamente a qué tipo va a llamar, y llame a su :c:member:`~PyTypeObject."
"tp_new` directamente, o mediante ``type->tp_base->tp_new``. Si no hace esto, "
"las subclases de Python de su tipo que también heredan de otras clases "
"definidas por Python pueden no funcionar correctamente. (Específicamente, es "
"posible que no pueda crear instancias de tales subclases sin obtener un :exc:"
"`TypeError`)."
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:374
msgid ""
"We also define an initialization function which accepts arguments to provide "
"initial values for our instance::"
msgstr ""
"También definimos una función de inicialización que acepta argumentos para "
"proporcionar valores iniciales para nuestra instancia::"
#: ../Doc/extending/newtypes_tutorial.rst:377
msgid ""
"static int\n"
"Custom_init(PyObject *op, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)\n"
"{\n"
" CustomObject *self = (CustomObject *) op;\n"
" static char *kwlist[] = {\"first\", \"last\", \"number\", NULL};\n"
" PyObject *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *tmp;\n"
"\n"
" if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, \"|OOi\", kwlist,\n"
" &first, &last,\n"