FIPS 25.3 Backport of #127286 - Reject too deep cursors instead of exhausting the stack - #2859

Changelog category (leave one):

• Critical Bug Fix (crash, data loss, RBAC)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Fix stack overflow when deserializing deeply nested binary Field values. (ClickHouse#127286 by @alexey-milovidov)

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

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CI/CD Options

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• All Regression
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Regression jobs to run:

• Fast suites (mostly <1h)
• Aggregate Functions (2h)
• Alter (1.5h)
• Benchmark (30m)
• CAS (content-addressed storage; Antalya only)
• ClickHouse Keeper (1h)
• Iceberg (2h)
• LDAP (1h)
• OAuth (5m)
• Parquet (1.5h)
• RBAC (1.5h)
• SSL Server (1h)
• S3 (2h)
• S3 Export (2h)
• Swarms (30m)
• Tiered Storage (2h)