Stable 23.8 Backport of #131154 - Reject out-of-range Decimal scale when reading a Field - #2867

Changelog category (leave one):

• Bug Fix (user-visible misbehavior in an official stable release)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Fixed a possible server crash when reading a Decimal value with an out-of-range scale from serialized data; such a value is now rejected with an error. (ClickHouse#131154 by @tiandiwonder)

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

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CI/CD Options

Exclude tests:

• Fast test
• Integration Tests
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• All Regression
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Regression jobs to run:

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• Aggregate Functions (2h)
• Alter (1.5h)
• Benchmark (30m)
• CAS (content-addressed storage; Antalya only)
• ClickHouse Keeper (1h)
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