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feat(storage): add a static delay open request hedging strategy - #16344
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This pull request introduces experimental request hedging for ReadObject() streams to reduce tail latency by racing duplicate requests. It implements HedgedObjectReadSource and a dynamically-scaling HedgingThreadPool with token-bucket rate limiting and concurrency throttling. The review comments identify critical issues that must be addressed: a potential self-join deadlock when capturing std::shared_ptr<HedgingThreadPool> in the hedge task lambda, a concurrency race condition where checking and incrementing active hedges are not atomic, and performance overhead from zero-initializing the read buffer with std::vector<char> instead of std::unique_ptr<char[]>.
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| } | ||
| return; | ||
| } | ||
| std::unique_ptr<char[]> buffer(new char[n]); |
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Is there any limit on n? if not then what if n is very large like 100 MB and it couldn't get allocated? will it be crashed without capturing the error?
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- Added MaximumHedgeBufferOption: Added this to options.h with a default of 64 * 1024 * 1024 (64MB) and registered it in the ClientOptionList.
- Added the Bypass Logic: In connection_impl.cc, right before deciding whether to wrap the stream in a HedgedObjectReadSource, added a check against the user's requested range. If they ask for 100MB in a single read, it safely bypasses the hedge pool and executes entirely inline:
if (request.HasOption<ReadRange>()) {
auto const range = request.GetOption<ReadRange>().value();
if (range.begin >= 0 && range.end >= range.begin &&
static_cast<std::size_t>(range.end - range.begin) > max_buffer) {
return retry_source_factory(); // Safely run inline!
}
}
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Instead of adding a new |
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/gcbrun |
Codecov Report❌ Patch coverage is Additional details and impacted files@@ Coverage Diff @@
## main #16344 +/- ##
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Coverage 92.23% 92.24%
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Files 2227 2232 +5
Lines 209573 209973 +400
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+ Hits 193309 193686 +377
- Misses 16264 16287 +23 ☔ View full report in Codecov by Harness. 🚀 New features to boost your workflow:
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/gcbrun |
This will be a breaking change for people already using the |
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/gcbrun |
Thanks for pointing out. I have updated all the calls to set I hit some roadblocks in setting the existing
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Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (googleapis#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Hedging previously covered only the stream open (#16344), so a connection that stalled mid-download could not be raced. Once an attempt won the open race, every subsequent Read() was a plain passthrough to that child for the life of the download. Make HedgedObjectReadSource stateful: track the stream position (offset, direction, generation, size, transcoding) the same way RetryObjectReadSource does when it resumes after a failure, so a hedge can be opened at the stream's current offset rather than at the original request offset. Time each read and re-race a read whose predecessor exceeded ReadHedgeDelayOption, with the active child as the primary attempt. A hedge that wins replaces the active child; once a read completes within the delay the stream returns to direct reads. ChildFactory now takes the position to open at, and StorageConnectionImpl::ReadObject() applies the same request rewrite RetryObjectReadSource uses on resume, so hedged and retried reads resume through identical logic. Racing is skipped where it cannot be correct or cannot help: under decompressive transcoding, for reads above MaximumHedgeBufferOption, and once the stream has reached the end of the requested data. Also harden the race bookkeeping: resolve the race when every attempt fails, prefer the primary's error over a hedge's, and fail fast on a permanent primary error. No new public options, and no behavior change when hedging is disabled. TAG=agy CONV=3c1752ee-1a2a-4f41-b047-1cc070877764
Implement TTFB Speculative Hedging with Configurable Connect Timeouts
Overview
This PR introduces a concurrent, speculative hedging architecture to the GCS C++ SDK. The primary goal is to mitigate extreme tail latencies (e.g., 20s+ stalls) caused by OS-level TCP/kernel drops during periods of high-throughput network congestion.
This architecture introduces two primary mitigation layers:
This is the first PR in a series. A follow-up adds a dynamic strategy that adapts the hedge delay to observed latency percentiles; this PR uses a fixed, configurable delay.
Architectural Highlights
1. TTFB-Exclusive Hedging (No Data Corruption)
Naive hedging of an `ObjectReadSource` stream risks severe data corruption and network exhaustion by duplicating many payload downloads.
This implementation explicitly restricts hedging to the stream's Open Phase (TTFB). Once a socket wins the initial connection race, the background thread gracefully exits, and all subsequent payload chunk reads continue sequentially on the caller's thread. This guarantees structural integrity and prevents multi-stream bandwidth DDoS.
2. Bounded Hedging Thread Pool
To prevent queue starvation and CPU exhaustion under heavy load, the `HedgingThreadPool` enforces strict gating mechanisms:
3. Configurable Native Connect Timeout
The existing `DownloadStallTimeoutOption` maps to `CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME`, meaning aggressive timeouts would unintentionally kill healthy large-payload streams during minor jitter.
This PR introduces `HttpConnectTimeoutOption`, which maps explicitly to `CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MS`, allowing users to build a strict guillotine specifically for stalled TCP handshakes without threatening payload integrity.
Usage
Users can opt-in to the Hybrid Architecture via standard configuration options:
auto options = google::cloud::Options{}
.setgoogle::cloud::storage_experimental::EnableReadHedgingOption(true)
.setgoogle::cloud::storage_experimental::ReadHedgeDelayOption(std::chrono::milliseconds(500))
.setgoogle::cloud::storage_experimental::MaxConcurrentHedgesOption(15)
.setgoogle::cloud::storage_experimental::HttpConnectTimeoutOption(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
auto client = gcs::Client(options);
(Note: `hedge_pool_` is only allocated if `EnableReadHedgingOption` is true, enforcing the zero-overhead principle for non-hedging users).
Performance Benchmarks
We executed a 1-hour sequential testing suite (`us-central1`, 60 concurrent workers, 1MB payloads) comparing the baseline SDK against this architecture.
Baseline (Hedging Disabled):
Static Hedging (Enabled):