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ToDiscreteTimeModel—Wolfram Documentation

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ToDiscreteTimeModel[lsys,τ]

gives the discrete-time approximation, with sampling period τ, of the continuous-time systems models lsys.

ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfm,τ,z]

specifies the transform variable z.

Details and Options
Details and Options Details and Options
Examples  
Basic Examples  
Scope  
Options  
Method  
Applications  
Properties & Relations  
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ToDiscreteTimeModel

ToDiscreteTimeModel[lsys,τ]

gives the discrete-time approximation, with sampling period τ, of the continuous-time systems models lsys.

ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfm,τ,z]

specifies the transform variable z.

Details and Options

Examples

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Basic Examples  (1)

A discrete-time approximation of a continuous-time system:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{3*(1 + s)}}, 0.1 + s}, s], 1, z]

Scope  (6)

Convert a continuous-time transfer-function model to the discrete-time domain:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{a}}, a + s}, s], 1, z]

Convert a continuous-time state-space model to discrete time:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[StateSpaceModel[{{{0, 1}, {0, -1}}, {{0}, {1}}, {{1, 0}}, {{0}}}, SamplingPeriod -> None, SystemsModelLabels -> None], τ, z]

Convert a multiple-input, multiple-output system to discrete time:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{1., s}, {1, 2}}, {{1 + s, 1 + 10*s}, {(1 + s)*(1 + 10*s), 1 + 2*s}}}, s], 1, z]

Convert a symbolic system:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{a + s}}, b + s}, s], τ, z]

Convert a time-delay TransferFunctionModel:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{s/E^(3*s)}}, 1 - 2*s + s^2}, s], 1]

Convert a singular descriptor StateSpaceModel:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[StateSpaceModel[{{{1, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, -7}}, {{0}, {1}, {1}}, {{-1, 16, 12}}, {{0}}, {{0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}}}, SamplingPeriod -> None, SystemsModelLabels -> None], 1 / 2]

Options  (5)

Method  (5)

By default, the approximation is based on the bilinear transformation:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{10}}, 1 + s}, s], 1, z]

Specify the desired approximation method:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{0.5*(4 + 2.*s + s^2)}}, s*(1 + 10*s)}, s], 1, z, Method -> "ForwardRectangularRule"]

Compare the various approximation methods:

Wolfram Language code: tfm = TransferFunctionModel[{{{s}}, 1 + s + s^2}, s];
Wolfram Language code: Grid[tfmd = Table[{m, ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfm, 0.4, z, Method -> m]}, {m, {"ForwardRectangularRule", "BackwardRectangularRule", "BilinearTransform", "ZeroOrderHold", "FirstOrderHold"}}], Frame -> All]
Wolfram Language code: BodePlot[Join[{Tooltip[tfm]}, Apply[Tooltip, Reverse[#]]& /@ tfmd], {0.05, (π/0.4)}]

An approximation that preserves the transmission at the specified frequency:

Wolfram Language code: tfm = TransferFunctionModel[{{{s}}, 6 + s}, s];
Wolfram Language code: tfmd = ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfm, 2, z, Method -> {"BilinearTransform", "CriticalFrequency" -> 0.5}]
Wolfram Language code: pts = Point[{#}]& /@ Through@{{Log10[0.5], 20 Log10@Abs[#]}&, {Log10[0.5], (Arg[#]/Degree)}&}@tfm[I 0.5][[1, 1]];
Wolfram Language code: BodePlot[{tfm, tfmd}, {0.3, 0.7}, Epilog -> pts]

The bilinear and backward Euler methods may add states to descriptor state-space models:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[StateSpaceModel[{{{-1, 1}, {0, 1}}, {{1/2}, {2}}, {{1, 0}}, {{0}}, {{-1, 1}, {0, 1}}}, SamplingPeriod -> None, SystemsModelLabels -> None], 1, Method -> "BackwardRectangularRule"]

Applications  (1)

Various approximations to a fourth-order Butterworth lowpass filter:

Wolfram Language code: tfmbw4 = TransferFunctionModel[{{{625}}, (25 + 3.8268*s + s^2)* (25 + 9.2387*s + s^2)}, s];
Wolfram Language code: methods = {"ForwardRectangularRule", "BackwardRectangularRule", "BilinearTransform", {"BilinearTransform", "CriticalFrequency" -> 2.8}, "ZeroOrderHold", "FirstOrderHold"};
Wolfram Language code: Grid[tfmbw4d = Table[{m, ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfmbw4, 1, z, Method -> m]//TransferFunctionExpand}, {m, methods}], Frame -> All]

Bode plots:

Wolfram Language code: BodePlot[Join[{Tooltip[tfmbw4]}, Apply[Tooltip, Reverse[#]]& /@ tfmbw4d], {2, 2π}]

Properties & Relations  (5)

A stable transfer-function model:

Wolfram Language code: tfm = TransferFunctionModel[{{{5 + s}}, (0.5 + s)*(6 + s)}, s];

The "ForwardRectangularRule" method may not give a stable approximation:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfm, 1, Method -> "ForwardRectangularRule"];
Wolfram Language code: TransferFunctionPoles[%]

The stability of the "BilinearTransform" approximation depends on the critical frequency:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfm, 1, Method -> {"BilinearTransform", "CriticalFrequency" -> 0.5 π}];

Critical frequencies less than the Nyquist frequency give stable approximations:

Wolfram Language code: TransferFunctionPoles[%]

When the critical frequency is more than the Nyquist frequency, the approximation is unstable:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[tfm, 1, Method -> {"BilinearTransform", "CriticalFrequency" -> 3.5 π}];
Wolfram Language code: TransferFunctionPoles[%]

All other approximations give a stable system if the continuous-time system is stable:

Wolfram Language code: Table[ToDiscreteTimeModel[TransferFunctionModel[{{{1}}, s + λ}, s], τ, Method -> m], {m, {"BackwardRectangularRule", "ZeroPoleMapping", "ZeroOrderHold", "FirstOrderHold"}}];
Wolfram Language code: Flatten[Simplify[TransferFunctionPoles[#]]& /@ %]
Wolfram Language code: Map[Refine[Abs[#] < 1, τ > 0 && λ > 0]&, %]

ToContinuousTimeModel is essentially the inverse of ToDiscreteTimeModel:

Wolfram Language code: c2d2c[sys_, τ_, method_] := ToContinuousTimeModel[ToDiscreteTimeModel[sys, τ, Method -> method], Method -> method]
Wolfram Language code: Table[c2d2c[TransferFunctionModel[{{{s}}, 1 + s}, s], 1, method], {method, {"ForwardRectangularRule", "BackwardRectangularRule", "BilinearTransform", "ZeroOrderHold", "FirstOrderHold"}}]

Time delays in the resulting system are given relative to the sampling period :

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[StateSpaceModel[{{{-SystemsModelDelay[Τ]}}, {{1}}, {{1}}, {{0}}}, SamplingPeriod -> None, SystemsModelLabels -> None], τ]
Wolfram Language code: SystemsModelDelay

ToDiscreteTimeModel may add states to systems with neutral time delays:

Wolfram Language code: ToDiscreteTimeModel[StateSpaceModel[{{{-2, 0}, {0, 0}}, {{0}, {1}}, {{2, 0}}, {{0}}, {{1, 0}, {0, 1 - SystemsModelDelay[2]}}}, SamplingPeriod -> None, SystemsModelLabels -> None], 1]
Wolfram Research (2010), ToDiscreteTimeModel, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/ToDiscreteTimeModel.html.

Text

Wolfram Research (2010), ToDiscreteTimeModel, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/ToDiscreteTimeModel.html.

CMS

Wolfram Language. 2010. "ToDiscreteTimeModel." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/ToDiscreteTimeModel.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (2010). ToDiscreteTimeModel. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/ToDiscreteTimeModel.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2026_todiscretetimemodel, author="Wolfram Research", title="{ToDiscreteTimeModel}", year="2010", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/ToDiscreteTimeModel.html}", note=[Accessed: 14-November-2026]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2026_todiscretetimemodel, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={ToDiscreteTimeModel}, year={2010}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/ToDiscreteTimeModel.html}, note=[Accessed: 14-November-2026]}