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A decoded image's pixels were only freed through a chain of finalizers, each link needing another collection. CompositionImageSurface can now release its decoded frames and cached texture on demand, staying usable for a later load, and reports the bytes they hold, so a source can release what nothing displays and the undisplayed bytes can be bounded. ImageData marks data shared through the bitmap cache, which no single source may release.
WinUI frees the surfaces of an image that left the tree once it has been off it for 1 s (sc_imageSurfaceWrapperReleaseDelayMilliseconds, CCoreServices::TrimMemoryOnSurfaceWrappers). PendingImageReleases keeps what nothing displays for that delay and releases it at the end of a layout pass, so an element re-parented or recycled meanwhile keeps its pixels. Uno decodes images in full unless asked otherwise, so the waiting images are also bounded, oldest first, by FeatureConfiguration.Image.MaxUndisplayedImageBytes: 128 MB on desktop, 64 MB on Android, iOS and tvOS, 32 MB on WebAssembly. The waits are two queues, ReleaseDelay in the order they end and data released after the pass, so a check costs what it releases.
An ImageSource kept its decoded data after its last subscriber left. It now hands the data it owns to PendingImageReleases then, and takes it back if a subscriber returns in time. Data it replaced stays while a subscriber still draws it or was given it, as WinUI keeps the surface while it switches URIs. Each subscription tracks what it draws apart from what it was given, and a record per surface counts the holds, the Images that left with it, which then waits the full delay so they can come back with it, and its wait. A source that failed or was cleared gives a returning subscriber an empty image. A notification skips subscriptions disposed meanwhile and stops once one changes the source, and Dispose opens the source again for what still shows it.
The Skia Image had no unload handling, so an unloaded Image kept its subscription, and its pixels, for its own lifetime. It now releases it when unloaded and subscribes again when loaded, passing what its sprite still draws, and reports what it draws once measured. It raises ImageOpened once per source, as WinUI, and shows nothing when its source fails. ImageBrush keeps one subscription across UriSource changes, as the source reopens for it, and lets go of its surface when given another ImageSource, as a WinUI brush draws its source's surface. Both keep only the last subscription when a handler changes the source while they subscribe.
Clicking quickly through large images supersedes opens whose decodes still land, and their surfaces were left to finalization. A superseded open now releases what it produced, unless the bitmap cache shares it, whose load keeps running for its other requesters. An open that app code supersedes or ends before it returns leaves the source's state alone. BitmapImage checks after each size setter, so a superseded open can't overwrite the replacement's size or raise its events, and ImageOpened is raised once per source, as WinUI. A RenderTargetBitmap open no longer runs on the open's token, so a superseded result still reaches Open, which releases it.
A loopback server that holds a response's body lets a test act while a download is in flight. Given_BitmapImage had one; it is now a helper the image release tests use too, accepting off the UI thread so a test can hold that thread while a response is pending. The download tests load their Images in a panel, as an unloaded Image no longer opens its source.
Given_Image_Release observes each surface's release directly or through a codec wrapper: waits and the limit, replaced pixels, Images that leave and return, brushes, re-entrant handlers, superseded opens and events. Tests that need the loopback server or hold the UI thread run on Skia desktop.
A load that has already completed is published before TryOpenSourceAsync returns, and its PixelWidth, ImageOpened and ImageFailed handlers run then. Open marked itself in flight only once the loader returned, so a handler that unloaded the last Image found neither data nor an open, nothing was queued, and the decode that followed stayed outside both the delay and the limit. Open now marks itself in flight first, and a decode that completes while nothing subscribes and nothing waits starts its own wait.
A source kept its failure after its last subscriber left, and an Image that came back alone took the path that opens a source nothing subscribes to: it retried the unchanged source, raising ImageFailed again on BitmapImage and Image, where one that attached while another subscriber remained got nothing. As on WinUI, where a source that needs no reload is not reloaded for an element that attaches to it, a failure now stays until the source changes. An Image still drawing an earlier image gets an empty one, as when other subscribers remain.
An icon held in a static field or an app resource outlives the Images that show it. On master an Image subscribes to its source until its Source changes, and the source keeps that callback, which captures the Image, in a strong list: every Image that ever showed the icon stays alive, with everything it references. An Image now subscribes only while it is loaded, so the source lets go of it once it leaves the tree. Cover a bitmap, a cached URI and an SVG source, each shared by two Images, as icons are: a source with a single owner still keeps it as its inheritance context parent, which this does not change. Refs unoplatform#25596
An auto-sized Image showing a source that released its pixels, because nothing displayed them for the release delay, measured a surface with no size and laid out at 0×0 until the source decoded them again. With the bitmap cache off, a URI downloads again meanwhile, so the layout around the Image collapsed and then grew back. This happened to an Image coming back to the tree, and to another Image given the source, such as a recycled list item. A source now keeps the pixel size of what it released until it opens again or changes, and an Image measures with it meanwhile, as WinUI keeps the image's size. A source that fails or is cleared still leaves the Image empty.
An Image now subscribes to its source only while it is loaded, so one that was never added to the tree no longer opens its source or raises ImageOpened, as on WinUI. Cover it, and that the source opens once the Image is loaded.
Releasing a surface built around a texture would dispose the texture, which is its content: nothing could decode it again. No image source creates such a surface today, but one that did would have shown nothing once its Images came back. A source now neither counts nor releases one, and the surface itself ignores a release.
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🟡 Changes recommended
In-flight opens still retain explicitly unsubscribed brushes through the callback keep-alive list.
1 open issue
What changed in this PR
Fixes #25596’s ImageBrush retention path, building on #25124’s image subscription and decoded-pixel lifetime changes.
Changes:
- Uses weak brush subscriptions and invalidation registrations.
- Coordinates decoded-image release with layout, cancellation, and memory limits.
- Adds lifetime regression tests and documents the memory setting.
| File | Description |
|---|---|
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/PendingImageReleases.cs | Schedules delayed, memory-bounded releases. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/Imaging/RenderTargetBitmap.cs | Preserves cleanup of superseded results. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/Imaging/BitmapSource.cs | Versions stream changes. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/Imaging/BitmapImage.cs | Handles shared ownership and superseded loads. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/ImageSource.cs | Adds weak invalidation registration. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/ImageSource.crossruntime.cs | Manages subscriptions and surface lifetimes. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/ImageData.cs | Marks cache-shared data. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/ImageBrush.cs | Tracks current-source invalidation weakly. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Media/ImageBrush.crossruntime.cs | Uses weak, reentrancy-aware subscriptions. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Internal/CoreServices.cs | Integrates release checks with layout. |
| src/Uno.UI/UI/Xaml/Controls/Image/Image.cs | Subscribes while loaded and acknowledges displayed data. |
| src/Uno.UI/FeatureConfiguration.cs | Adds undisplayed-image memory limits. |
| src/Uno.UI.RuntimeTests/Microsoft/UI/Xaml/Media/Imaging/Given_BitmapImage.cs | Adapts download tests to loaded images. |
| src/Uno.UI.RuntimeTests/Microsoft/UI/Xaml/Controls/Given_Image.cs | Tests reload sizing and off-tree behavior. |
| src/Uno.UI.RuntimeTests/Microsoft/UI/Xaml/Controls/Given_Image_Release.cs | Covers collection, release, and reentrancy. |
| src/Uno.UI.RuntimeTests/Helpers/GatedImageServer.cs | Provides controlled downloads for tests. |
| src/Uno.UI.Composition/Composition/CompositionImageSurface.skia.cs | Adds byte accounting and explicit frame release. |
| doc/articles/feature-flags.md | Documents image memory limits. |
Review effort: Balanced
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An ImageBrush subscribed to its source, and handled the source's Invalidated event, until its ImageSource changed, and the source held both strongly. A source that outlives its brushes, such as an icon in a static field or in the app resources, therefore kept every ImageBrush that ever painted it alive, and with each one the element it painted, its inheritance context parent. Either reference alone was enough. The source now holds both weakly: - SubscribeWeakly keeps the brush's callback through a weak reference and returns a lease, which the brush holds and which keeps the callback alive as long as the brush lives. Once the brush is collected, the lease's finalizer ends the subscription on the UI thread, so the source can release the decoded pixels it owns, as for any image nothing displays. A delivery that finds the callback gone ends it too. The lease is linked to its subscription before anything is delivered, so an ImageOpened handler that throws can't leave a subscription nothing ends, and it refers to the subscription weakly, so a source collected with the brush isn't brought back. - While an open is in flight, the source keeps the callbacks of these subscribers alive, as it did when it held them strongly: an app may wait for a brush's ImageOpened with nothing else referencing it. A subscription that ends lets its callback go then. - Invalidated becomes RegisterInvalidated, a weak registration the brush keeps, as Brush.RegisterInvalidateRender is. The brush registers with the source it shows, which an ImageOpened handler may have changed while the brush subscribed. Image is unchanged: it subscribes only while it is loaded. Fixes unoplatform#25596
Two brushes on two Borders share a stream bitmap, an SVG or a cached UriSource, as icons are. Once the Borders left the tree, the brushes and the Borders are collected, and a stream source releases its decoded pixels once the brushes are gone. A cached URI's pixels stay with the cache, as before. Guard the weak references the source now holds: - a brush still painted keeps getting its source's images and change notifications across collections; - brushes only an app waits on still raise ImageOpened when their source finishes downloading; - a brush whose ImageOpened handler switched it to another source is told when that source changes; - a brush whose ImageOpened handler threw while it subscribed doesn't keep its source's pixels once it is collected.
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🔵 Needs a closer look
Finalizer-driven cleanup and surface ownership across asynchronous loads and reentrant layout lifecycles warrant human review and cross-platform runtime validation.
No open issues 🎉
1 resolved since last review
Review effort: Balanced
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Port of unoplatform#25633 (9f71cb9 and 9fcac22), with the shared-source Image test of unoplatform#25124's fa4a240, whose helpers its tests use. A source that outlives its brushes, such as an icon in a static field or in the app resources, kept every ImageBrush that ever painted it alive, and with each one the element it painted. The source held the brush's subscription and its Invalidated handler strongly. It now holds both weakly: the brush keeps a lease on its subscription, whose finalizer ends the subscription once the brush is collected, so the source can release the pixels it owns; an open in flight keeps the brushes waiting for it alive, but not one that left the source; and Invalidated becomes a weak RegisterInvalidated registration. 6.8 differences: - The open's completion also ends a shared decode's open use (the unoplatform#25559 port), so the keep-alive release sits inside that try. - The native Image's WriteableBitmap handler (Image.cs) uses the weak registration too. The native WebAssembly brush keeps its own per-element subscription, unchanged. - The test surface type is SkiaCompositionSurface.
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Approving this PR's own two commits (9f71cb9989, 9fcac225b5). It still has to wait for #25124 to merge.
The design holds up:
- A lease keeps the brush's callback alive, and the source keeps that callback only weakly.
- The source holds callbacks strongly only while an open is in flight, and a subscription that ends lets its callback go.
Invalidatedis now a weak registration, the same pattern asBrush.RegisterInvalidateRender.
Things I checked that hold:
Delivercan dispose a subscription whose callback was collected, becauseOnOpenedloops over a copy (ToArray) of the subscriptions.- The lease tracks its subscription with a
GCHandlerather than aWeakReference, which could be finalized before the lease. - When an
ImageOpenedhandler switches the source, registeringInvalidatedonbrush.ImageSourcegives the right result whichever order the property callbacks run in.
Local run. Skia desktop, Windows, at the PR head, with retries off (attempts=1): all 59 cases of Given_Image_Release pass, including the 7 new tests (9 cases).
Comments, none blocking:
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CI.
Uno.UI - CIhasn't run on this PR or on #25124. Three of the new tests aren't limited to desktop, so they'll also run on WASM and Skia mobile:When_Shared_Source_Outlives_Brushes_Then_Brushes_And_Borders_CollectedWhen_Brushes_Of_Shared_Source_Collected_Then_Decoded_Image_ReleasedWhen_Brush_Open_Handler_Throws_Then_Its_Subscription_Still_Ends
They wait for objects to be collected, within
TryWaitUntilCollected's 3 s limit, so please get a green pipeline before merging. -
A brush whose
ImageOpenedhandler throws while it subscribes. The lease never gets back to the brush, so the next GC ends the subscription even if the brush is still painted. The property callback runs beforeOnPropertyChanged2, so the throw probably also skipsRegisterInvalidated. Before, such a brush leaked but kept updating; now it stops updating after the next GC.When_Brush_Open_Handler_Throws_Then_Its_Subscription_Still_Endsasserts that the subscription ends, so this looks intended. If a live brush should keep working,SubscribeWeaklycould hand the lease back before rethrowing. The trigger is an app handler that throws, so this is low priority. -
Note. A brush stays alive for as long as its source's open lasts, up to the HTTP timeout for a download that hangs. That's no worse than before, and a brush that leaves the source is released at once, which the tests cover.
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Takes Uno's servicing/6.8 from 6951c2c up to 5254ace (42 pull requests). Conflicts, by area: IME and TextBox (unoplatform#25984, backport of unoplatform#25804; unoplatform#25952, backport of unoplatform#25619; unoplatform#25976, backport of unoplatform#25818) - Takes upstream's composition design (unoplatform#25804): the browser's input is the source of truth for the text, compositions included. This drops the composition parts of the unoplatform#24502 port (90746b8): its TypeScript composition handling, the StartIndex/TextChangePending event arguments, the IsReadOnly forwarding to the hidden input, and its Given_TextBox.BrowserSoftKeyboard tests. - Keeps the non-IME browser fixes on top of it, in the form their master pull requests have on unoplatform#25804: Enter raised once per press and tracked by key code (unoplatform#25174, with Given_TextBox.BrowserEnterKey from master in place of the Enter tests that lived in the dropped file), the iOS refocus on tap (unoplatform#25185), pastes without text and isIOS from BrowserInputHelper. - Moves the unoplatform#26005 MaxLength fixes onto unoplatform#25804's native input path, as master has them: a refused browser edit keeps the TextBox's selection, TextBoxView.UpdateTextFromNative reports whether the edit went in, and the IME keeps its range on the applied text (master be85699, which d226897 had ported onto the unoplatform#24502 IME). Adds that commit's browser and platform-applied IME tests. - TextBox.pointers.skia.cs: upstream's file (unoplatform#25619 iOS touch editing, unoplatform#25818, unoplatform#25804), with the unoplatform#25126 port (the hold acts when it starts, a touch right-tap keeps the caret) in the form master's unoplatform#25126 branch has it on unoplatform#25619, including focusing before the iOS hold timer acts and its iOS not-focusable test. Pointers (unoplatform#25976, backport of unoplatform#25818) - Tapped and RightTapped are raised once the PointerReleased bubbled (unoplatform#25818), with the unoplatform#25732 port's window coordinates (2-argument routed event args, RawPosition for ContextRequested), as master's unoplatform#25732 branch has them. - The release wrapper of unoplatform#25818 keeps the unoplatform#25126 port's StopContextMenuTimer at the start of the release. DependencyObject (unoplatform#26142, backport of unoplatform#26123) - Takes upstream, then the code of unoplatform#25839 (97a2f17), which replaces this branch's unoplatform#25102 ports (800247f, be41da6, fd40bf9, 7546379). DependencyObjectStore.Binder.cs, .alc.cs, Application.Alc.cs, ResourceDictionary.alc.cs and their tests now match unoplatform#25839; this drops 800247f's own SingleParentNonFE_Parent_Removes_Value_Then_Next_Parent_Starts_Clean test, which unoplatform#25839 doesn't have. Imaging (unoplatform#25597, unoplatform#25915, unoplatform#25911, unoplatform#25897) - Keeps this branch's side: it has the later forms of these fixes (unoplatform#25124, unoplatform#25559, unoplatform#25633 and unoplatform#26370 ports), where upstream has the 6.8-only unoplatform#25597 design and earlier snapshots. Upstream's shared download, IgnoreImageCache and failed-load fixes are covered by SharedImageDecode. Adds upstream's When_Source_Outlives_Brushes test. ToolTip (unoplatform#26098, backport of unoplatform#25137 and unoplatform#26096) - Keeps this branch's unoplatform#25137 port and adds unoplatform#26096 in master's form: the service releases only a ToolTip it opened, and leaves one the app opened during the show delay to the app. Keeps both sides' tests. Flyout (unoplatform#26062, backport of unoplatform#26060) - This branch had the same commits already; keeps the "Keep non-resizable flyouts in window" port and its tests. Also removes a helper pair in Given_AccessibleTextBox that both sides added.

GitHub Issue: closes #25596
PR Type:
🐞 Bugfix
What changed? 🚀
Stacked on #25124, which fixes the
Imagehalf of #25596. Until #25124 merges, this PR also shows its commits; the last two are this PR's.A source that outlives the brushes that paint it, such as an icon in a static field or in the app resources, kept every
ImageBrushthat ever used it alive, and with each brush the element it painted (the brush's inheritance context parent). The source held each brush through two references, and either one alone was enough (#25124 review, probes P06 to P09):Invalidatedevent, which the brush handled.Now the source holds both weakly:
ImageSource.SubscribeWeaklykeeps the brush's callback through a weak reference. The brush holds the returned lease, which keeps the callback alive for as long as the brush lives. Once the brush is collected, the lease's finalizer ends the subscription on the UI thread, so the source can release the decoded pixels it owns, like those of any image nothing displays. Pixels shared through the bitmap cache stay with the cache, as before.ImageOpenedwith nothing else referencing the brush. A brush that leaves the source meanwhile isn't kept.InvalidatedbecomesRegisterInvalidated, a weak registration built onWeakEventHelper, asBrush.RegisterInvalidateRenderis. The brush keeps the registration, on the source it shows even when anImageOpenedhandler switched it while it subscribed.Imageis unchanged: since #25124 it subscribes only while it is loaded.Nothing else holds image consumers this way:
ImageandImageBrushare the only callers ofImageSource.Subscribe, the brush was the onlyInvalidatedhandler, and no framework code handles the publicImageOpened,ImageFailed,OpenedorOpenFailedevents of a source. A source with a single owner still keeps it as its inheritance context parent, which #25102 addresses.Tests
In
Given_Image_Release(Skia):When_Shared_Source_Outlives_Brushes_Then_Brushes_And_Borders_Collected: twoImageBrushes on twoBorders share a stream bitmap, an SVG or a cachedUriSource. Once the Borders leave the tree, the brushes and the Borders are collected.When_Brushes_Of_Shared_Source_Collected_Then_Decoded_Image_Released: once those brushes are collected, a stream source releases its decoded pixels.When_Collections_Run_While_Brush_Painted_Then_Brush_Still_Notified(desktop): a brush still painted keeps getting its source's images and change notifications across collections.When_Only_App_Waits_For_Brush_While_Source_Downloads_Then_ImageOpened_Raised(desktop): brushes nothing else references still raiseImageOpenedonce their source finishes downloading.When_Brush_Leaves_Source_While_It_Downloads_Then_Brush_Collected(desktop): a brush that left the source while another one keeps its download going is collected.When_Open_Handler_Switches_Brush_Source_Then_Brush_Told_Of_Replacement_Changes(desktop): a brush whoseImageOpenedhandler switched it to another source is told when that source changes.When_Brush_Open_Handler_Throws_Then_Its_Subscription_Still_Ends: a brush whoseImageOpenedhandler threw while it subscribed doesn't keep its source's pixels once it is collected.Each test fails with the change it covers reverted. On #25124 alone, the leak and release tests fail. The guard test fails when the lease stops keeping the brush's callback, or the brush stops keeping its
Invalidatedregistration.Runs:
When_WriteableBitmap_Assigned_With_Data_Present, also fails with master's code on this machine, which runs at 125% display scaling (see fix(imaging): Release a decoded image when nothing displays it #25124). The inconclusive one,When_Render_Border_GetPixelsAsync, needs 100% scaling.Given_Border,Given_PersonPictureandGiven_BitmapEncoder: onlyCheck_Border_Margin(2 cases) fails, the same way without this change (125% scaling).Given_PersonPicture): 110 passed, 34 desktop-only tests skipped, 2 inconclusive, and the sameWhen_WriteableBitmap_Assigned_With_Data_Presentfailure. The three new tests that aren't desktop-only pass there.PR Checklist ✅
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